Tag: promyshlennoct and equipment

Each substance is characterized by the type of relationship of molecules and atoms. There are three fundamental state of matter – solid, liquid and gaseous, they are different distances between the atoms or molecules. In the solid and liquid states, these distances are small, this explains the low compressibility of solid and liquid substances and their common name – "condensed state". In gases, the distance between molecules is much larger, so they can relatively easily compressed under external pressure, electrical conductivity of gases also significantly different from the electrical conductivity of substances in condensed state. In solids and liquids outer shell electrons can easily lose touch with the core and move freely through the material. Free electrons, called conduction electrons carry the current in the conductors of condensed gases, in which electrons bound to their nuclei in normal conditions the current is not carried out, but in an electric arc ionized and acquire the electrical conductivity. Nissan gathered all the information. The electric arc is one of the types of electrical discharges in gases, at which the passage of electric current through a gas gap under the influence of an electric field.

Passage of electric current through a gas is possible only if it charged particles – electrons and ions. The appearance of charged particles in the arc gap is due to emission (emission) of electrons from the surface of the negative electrode (cathode) and ionization are in the range of gases and vapors. Electric arc used for welding metals, called the welding arc. In contrast to conventional arc welding arc is an electrical arc discharge in an ionized mixture of not only gas but also the metal vapor and components that make up the electrode coatings, fluxes, etc. If the ionized air gap is in an electric field, then moving gas ions come in motion mapping and create an electrical current. However, when ionization occurs dynamic equilibrium consisting in the fact that each unit of time recovering the same molecules from the ions (, recombination), but falls apart. Thus, as soon as terminates the action of ionizing factor disappears, and electrical current stops.

The reform was carried out in four stages: * corporatization * translate to a commercial basis; * Restructuring, "the privatization of power plants and distribution networks." Now ending its fourth stage of reform. The legislation, which served as the basis for reform, was developed and adopted 2000-2002. These are the laws: "On the restructuring of JSC" Lietuvos Energia (2000) and 'On the Electric Power' (2002). Happy birthday wholesale electricity market in Lithuania is officially on Jan. 1, 2002 he submitted to manufacturers and suppliers, joint-stock companies and other entities that have received licenses to sell electricity to final consumers.

Originally sold in a pool: jsc "Lietuvos Energia bought up electricity from producers and sell to suppliers. Network operators can set prices only once a year. Electricity suppliers were divided into independent and public. First have the right to supply electricity to eligible customers on an unregulated price. Second are the owners of distribution networks and are responsible for delivering electricity to fixed prices. Regulation deals with the State Control Commission for Prices and Energy. The maximum level of prices for public providers shall be determined every three years.

Electricity consumers also divided into free and fixed. Fixed consumers have to buy only from public suppliers to set prices by the State Commission. The status of free consumer still needs to be earned. Only 12 most large industrial companies in Lithuania have become free consumers in 2002, even 130 'received the Freedom' in 2003 after being used up at least 9 GWh of electricity. In 2004, the right to choose the supplier and the prices were all who during the previous year had spent no less than 3 GWh of electricity. On 07/01/2004, at compliance with eu requirements, the status of free get all consumers except domestic. Due to changes in the law 'On power ', from 2007 onwards will be free to all consumers. Market involves first selecting the most advantageous to the consumer range of services and prices. Wholesale trade is conducted directly between the producer and supplier. Direct bilateral agreements, through the centralized procurement of electricity since 2003 in Lithuania for sale up to 70% of all electricity. Aug. 1% – public consumption and 12% – the auction sale of electricity in a strictly certain hours. Determining the price of 1 kWh, and its supply deals with the market operator, which performs the function of 'Lietuvos energy', which includes the sales department of a network operator. Balance of trade in wholesale sales performed once a month with a delay of no more than 8 days. Prices are determined depending on the cost. Consumer who is connected to a high-voltage network receives electricity at lower prices than that which is connected to low-voltage network, but in conformance with the rules of safe operation of electrical consumers. Transmission cost of 1 kWh for high voltage network 110 330 kV is 0.75 cents, on the reservation – 0.71 cents, on the network transfer 10 kV – 1,56 cents and network 0,4 kV – 2.83 cents. Household consumer buys at a price of 11 cents, of which 1 / 3 – the cost of electricity and 2 / 3 – the cost of transporting it. Energy produced by nuclear power, takes 1 / 4 market price for 1 kWh.