Category: General

Hazarayat
Hazarayat is a region of central Afghanistan inhabited by the Hazara people. The capital is Bamiyan. The famous Buddhas destroyed by the Taliban in 2001 were in this region .
History
During the nineteenth century was independent and was ruled by local leaders with their own armies. The principal leaders were Mir Bakhsh of Behsud Yazdan, Mir Sadik Beg of Sarjangala, and local chiefs Jaghori, Sangi Takht and Miran. During this century, the region began to pay tribute to the Emir of Afghanistan in return for free trade.
In 1880 is installed on the Afghan throne Abd al-Rahman, who decided to bring the region, invading. After two years of resistance and massacres that affected about half of the Hazara population, Hazarayat was dominated by Afghanistan in 1893. The Hazaras became slave labor (thousands of Hazaras were sold as slaves) and many were exiled from the country. Slavery was not abolished until 1923.
After the Soviet withdrawal from 15 February 1989 and the establishment of the national reconciliation policy of Najibullah, the Islamic parties formed an interim government of Afghanistan (AIG) but the Hazaras were withdrawn.
Radical Islamic groups took Kabul in 1992. Rabbani’s new president ordered the removal from the main Hazara on 7 June 1992.
The Hazara leader Karim Muhammed Kalili start an offensive in a few months Hazarayat expelled from government forces of President Rabbani (Summer 1995). Rabbani install north in the territory occupied by the Tajik people.
Subsequently, neither the government nor the subsequent Taliban Hamid Karzai have been able to retake the region to Afghanistan, though officially part of the country.
References
1. Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Historical Geography of Hazarayat” by Arash Khazeni. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc ‘Article http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1080.html
2. Afghan’s security interests are inextricably linked to those of the US underscores requests from the US to formulate a framework for a strategic agreement Encyclopaedia Iranica, “Hazarayat Origne and history”, by Alessandro Monsutti. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc ‘Article http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1080.html
References
‘In Encyclopaedia Iranica never refers to Hazarastan as suggested in some articles from Wikipedia in other languages, it is possible that in some countries is so, in Castilian Hazarayat the correct term is adapting the sound of “j” to the Persian Castilian phonetics, this is with a “y”. As anecdote Ferdowsi in “”h-n’ma” (The Book of Kings), refers to Hazarayat (Persian Haz’raj’t) as “Barbarest’n (Barbarestan) region independent Tur’n / Turan.

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The tools and resources of corporate marketing information management unit is working in kelantan an enterprise information. petaling jaya It is what it feeds on a daily basis in order to function, the raw material for effective decision making and is the most important factor for success in both business and for adequate motivation of employees. A good information management supports the achievement of the objectives that the company is drawn annually. All employees of the company need it to carry out malasya their daily work. . . So keep it at hand, knowing where to look and have the right tools kl map supporting better delivery of klang results. Try to avoid falling into the error that “information” is everything. Events are relevant to communication as a group of individuals may be of interest for either decision kepada making or to be knowledgeable about the environment.Discriminate what information and what-not then communicated to the malasyia public concerned, is a good way to begin to manage information within the context of the company. To identify what information and what perniagaan not, you can classify the objective pursued. Self-interest may occur, for shah alam example to signify a pelancongan certain image in your environment, or demands, formal or not, for operators who have kesan a sarawak stake in the company. Under this latter section could include: jawatan kosong Mandatory Information economics and finance. pahang Institutional information to agents with which it operates, such as financial institutions, shareholders, suppliers, etc.. For information derived from self-interest in usahawan establishing an image, we might consider: The public relations activities. Publicity and promotion in the field of marketing both kuantan Communication internally.What is needed for proper langkawi management Experts recommend that a department responsible for internal management of information. That is, in many cases, the task of the Human Resources department, while other companies prefer that you do need the Department malaisia of Communication. Keeping employees abreast malesia of what happens in the organization is a way to reduce uncertainty, to malyasia provide more motortrader peace of mind. Manage information in times of crisis is all the more important because this ringgit would prevent undesirable speculation, as any rumor, repetition make come true. And often (if not almost all) the rumors are false or exaggerated. For all this, provide adequate information, say the right and important to the trivial aside, and perodua notify the appropriate persons (those you are to use) is the correct way to manage internal information.What is the purpose of information management in the internal aspect The management information is to reduce barriers in communication. The taman bigger a company, more barriers exist and therefore should be more coordinated communication. Communiqu aims to support all staff and the business plan is what a company as a whole: its goals and mission, its resources, its staff and hierarchical controls. With proper management of information is obtained: The involvement of people. It allows cuti cuti a better understanding of the company as well as developments from occurring. It reduces uncertainty, anxiety and senarai stress. Furthermore, it suggests that values the receiver, incorporating it acknowledges its place within the organization and reinforces group cohesion. motor trader The melaka harmony of the shares of the malasiya company.Facilitate compliance with the general objectives: a company that kancil reports to all staff what is happening, and report it without making distinctions, kota kinabalu helps all its components are in the same direction. A change in attitudes. Both in times of crisis and success, communication can assimilate the changes and promote cultural change. For example, all staff communicate positive news as the purchase of a new company, or even declining sales, the receiver integrates jalan the results of the company and predisposes him to accept the new guidelines. And an increase in productivity. Internal communication, in this case johor related more to the selangor training aspect, it also helps improve employee quality of work: instructions, procedures and rules universiti favor the optimization of time and resources. In addition, staff awareness regarding the objectives of profitability.For example, the introduction of improvement groups (see page 19) increases employee productivity and in turn increases the involvement and identification with the company. The internal communication plan for the entire internal kedah communication is consistent, go in one direction and is directly related to external communication has been to establish a foundation that supports it all: the internal terengganu communication plan.

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Discovery of the virus A sick child with smallpox. Viral diseases such as rabies, yellow fever and smallpox have affected humans for many centuries. Hieroglyphics that describe known polio in medicine of ancient Egypt, although at the time was not yet known the cause of the disease. In the tenth century, Al-Razi wrote the Treaty on smallpox and measles, which provides the first clear description of these diseases. The contagious nature of infectious diseases (viral and bacterial) is described by Avicenna in the decade of 1020, in his Canon of Medicine.It describes the tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases and their spread through physical contact, water and soil. argues that bodily secretions are contaminated by “foreign bodies” that produce infection and introduces the practice quarantine as a means to limit the spread of communicable diseases. When the Black Death (or plague) arrives at Al-Andalus in the fourteenth century, Ibn Khatima discovers that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms that are introduced in the human body. services range from executive recruitment to corporate governance and CEO recruitment executive recruitment professionals, many of whom joined our firm from senior positions in the industry sectors they now serve, conduct more than 10,000 senior-level searches for clients worldwide each year. Another fourteenth-century Andalusian physician, Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374), wrote the treatise on the plague, which asserts that infectious diseases can be transmitted through bodily contact and “through garments, vessels and pending. ” The etiological causes of tuberculosis, bubonic plague and some sexually transmitted infections later identified as bacteria. The first vaccines to prevent viral diseases are discovered in the eighteenth century.In 1717, Mary Montagu, the wife of a British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, notes that local women are used to inoculate their children with fluid taken from mild cases of smallpox. In the late eighteenth century, Edward Jenner observed and studied Miss Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had suffered the “cow pox” and that because he was immune to smallpox, a related virus that affects people. Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine on the basis of these findings. After prolonged immunization, the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the eradication of smallpox in 1979. Snuff mosaic virus (each of the “straw”). The first reference to the existence of viruses is due to the Russian botanist Dimitri Ivanovski in 1892.Earlier, Charles Chamberland developed a porcelain filter with pores small enough to retain bacteria and separate them from their culture medium. Dimitri Ivanovski used this filter to identify the agent causing the disease known as mosaic and snuff concludes that there must be a toxin or a body smaller than bacteria, it passes through filters that hold them. Passing leaf extracts of plants infected snuff through the filter and then use the filtered extract to infect other plants shows that the infectious agent is a bacterium. Similar experiments are carried out by several other researchers, with similar results and show that viruses are several orders of magnitude smaller than bacteria. The term virus was coined by the Dutchman microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck who, using methods based on the work of Ivanovski, in 1897, dismisses the idea of toxins.Verify that the agent causing the mosaic disease is able to reproduce snuff because it retains its power diluted infectious without moving from plant to plant, and coined the Latin phrase “contagium vivum fluidum” (meaning “seed soluble Life “), the first approach to the virus. Shortly thereafter, the German microbiologist Frederick Loeffler and Paul Frosch discovered foot and mouth disease of livestock is also produced by a filterable virus that acts as an infectious agent. The first human virus identified was the yellow fever virus. S-PM2 phage of Synechococcus, a bacteriophage. In the early twentieth century, Frederick Twort discovered that bacteria can also be infected by viruses. Felix d’Herelle, working independently, showed that viral preparation causes dead areas in cell cultures made on agar. Counting the dead areas, able to estimate the original number of viruses in the suspension.In the early 30s, using filters with pore size less with cell culture techniques that allow in vitro to obtain large amounts of these agents, ultracentrifugation, and finally with the electron microscope and diffraction X-rays is achieved finally visualize the virus. In 1935, Wendell Stanley crystallizes the mosaic virus and discovers that snuff is composed mostly of proteins. Shortly thereafter, the virus was separated into proteins and nucleic acids. 1939, Max Delbr ck and the Ellis showed that in contrast with cellular organisms, bacteriophages are reproduced in a “step” instead of exponentially. A major problem for early virologists was the inability to grow viruses in media sterile culture, such as with cellular organisms.

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